Every record, as text — the same data the orbit map plots above.
Cybersecurity · Hybrid · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack:
Compliance: end-to-end encryption, zero-knowledge architecture, SOC 2 Type 2
1Password’s production architecture is centered on a zero-knowledge, end-to-end encrypted vault service, where plaintext is encrypted on the client before reaching 1Password’s servers. Publicly available sources confirm hybrid cloud deployment patterns for components such as the SCIM bridge, but they do not reliably expose the company’s full internal database stack or all backend infrastructure details.
Cybersecurity · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Abnormal Behavioral Foundation Model — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Abnormal ABX / behavioral ML models — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: PostgreSQL, Amazon S3 (data lake/object storage), Elasticsearch/OpenSearch (log/search, inferred)
Compliance: SOC 2 (inferred from enterprise email security norm), ISO 27001 (inferred), GDPR-aligned data processing (inferred)
Abnormal runs a cloud-native, API-first behavioral AI platform that integrates with cloud email and collaboration suites (e.g., Microsoft 365, Google Workspace) outside the mail flow, ingesting user, email, and identity telemetry into proprietary behavioral models and a data lake to drive detection, response, and human-risk scoring.[1][5][7][8][9] Its core is a proprietary behavioral foundation model and related ML pipelines hosted in its own cloud environment, exposed through its SaaS console and APIs rather than via public/open-source model distribution.[7][9]
Healthcare · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Abridge clinical (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Ambient clinical-documentation AI with its own medical models plus partner LLMs, grounded in clinician audio.
Creative · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Adobe Firefly (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Runs Firefly, its own family of commercially-safe generative image/video models, alongside partner LLMs in Acrobat.
FinTech · On-Prem · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS Level 1, SOC 2, ISO 27001
Unusually for its scale, runs its own data centers (not a hyperscaler) on a single Java platform over PostgreSQL for full control of the payment path. RevenueProtect fraud scoring is in-house ML.
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
BNPL underwriting on large in-house risk ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Jamba (own, SSM-Transformer) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains Jamba, its own hybrid Mamba-Transformer long-context models.
Marketplace · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Vitess), HBase, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS, GDPR
AWS-native marketplace that evolved a Rails monolith into services over sharded MySQL (Vitess) + HBase. Search/pricing are in-house ML. Created Apache Airflow; AI customer-support uses LLMs.
Data · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Open-source data integration; connectors + AI assist via partner LLMs.
Productivity · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, Redis
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, GDPR
Low-code database whose 'spreadsheet-database' is backed by MySQL with heavy Redis caching on AWS. Airtable AI/Cobuilder routes to OpenAI and Anthropic.
AI/LLM · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Pharia / Luminous (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR, ISO 27001
German sovereign-AI lab training its own Pharia/Luminous models with explainability for gov/regulated EU.
Healthcare AI · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Ambience clinical (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: vector
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Ambient documentation with its own clinical models plus OpenAI, grounded in encounter audio.
Analytics · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Anthropic Claude (and other Bedrock foundation models) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); GPT-family (historical/experimental, inferred) — Direct API
Stack: Amazon S3, Amazon DynamoDB, Kafka (streaming), Redis/ElastiCache, proprietary columnar analytics store
Compliance: SOC 2 (inferred), ISO 27001 (inferred), GDPR (inferred), CCPA (inferred)
Amplitude runs a high-throughput event analytics platform on AWS with Kafka-based ingestion, DynamoDB/Redis for state and caching, and a proprietary columnar datastore optimized for behavioral analytics, plus AI Agents powered via Amazon Bedrock. Core production services are containerized and orchestrated with Kubernetes and Terraform-based infrastructure-as-code.[5][7]
Defense · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Lattice / own models — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: FedRAMP, IL5
Defense-autonomy on its Lattice OS with its own perception/autonomy models on the edge.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Claude (own frontier) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object storage, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2 Type II, HIPAA, ISO 42001
Trains the Claude family across Google Cloud TPUs and AWS Trainium (both partners/investors). Pioneered the open Model Context Protocol (MCP) for tool/data connectivity around its models.
Productivity · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4 class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, Amazon Aurora (MySQL-compatible), Snowflake or similar cloud data warehouse (inferred)
Compliance: SOC 2 (inferred), ISO 27001 (inferred), GDPR, CCPA
Asana runs a large-scale, stateful, microservice-style backend with autoscaling infrastructure and a dedicated Production Infrastructure pod for observability and platform reliability, layered behind a multi-region, hybrid cloud deployment. Its data stack separates transactional MySQL/Aurora stores from analytical event pipelines and a cloud data warehouse used by growth and analytics teams.
Telecom · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Telecom; in-house network ML plus partner LLMs (Ask AT&T on Azure OpenAI) for employees.
DevTools · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, DynamoDB, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, FedRAMP (Moderate)
Jira/Confluence migrated to an AWS-native multi-tenant platform (Micros) on PostgreSQL + DynamoDB. Atlassian Intelligence wraps OpenAI behind a tenancy/governance layer.
Design/Eng · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Autodesk AI (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: PostgreSQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Design/CAD cloud with its own generative-design models plus partner LLMs for assistants.
HR · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
SMB HR platform; AI assist on OpenAI over employee data.
AI-infra · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA
Model-inference platform serving open models (Llama, etc.) on autoscaling GPU infra.
Biotech SaaS · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GxP
R&D cloud for life sciences; AI assistants on OpenAI over experimental data.
Retail · GCP · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Retailer using Google Cloud Gemini for support + shopping assistants over its catalog.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Cash App Money Bot + Square Managerbot run on Anthropic Claude (Sonnet) and OpenAI GPT via Block’s open-source goose agent framework (Claude is goose’s default on Databricks).
Banking (EU) · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Mistral — Direct API (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
European bank; in-house risk ML plus Mistral for EU-sovereign generative AI.
Travel · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own, Cassandra
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Travel marketplace; huge own ranking/pricing ML plus OpenAI for the AI Trip Planner.
Storage · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure); Claude — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, HBase
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, HIPAA
Box AI is explicitly multi-model — routes across OpenAI, Google and Anthropic over enterprise content.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
AWS-based corporate-card/spend platform on PostgreSQL with Kafka eventing. Brex Assistant uses OpenAI/Anthropic over its own financial data and an agentic spend layer.
FinTech (EU) · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, GDPR
European neobank; Finn AI assistant on OpenAI over account data.
Social/Consumer · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Doubao (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: GDPR
TikTok parent; trains its own Doubao foundation models + massive recommendation ML on its own infra.
Design · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Leonardo (own, acquired) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT-4-class — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, DynamoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR
Massive consumer design platform on AWS with MySQL + DynamoDB and a WASM-accelerated rendering pipeline. Magic Studio blends in-house generative models with partners (incl. acquired Leonardo.ai).
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance:
Carta operates a proprietary, cloud-based equity and private capital management platform, most likely hosted on AWS using a relational database such as PostgreSQL. Public information focuses on product capabilities rather than disclosing detailed production architecture, so deeper specifics cannot be reliably verified.
AI-hardware · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Designs wafer-scale AI chips and serves open models (Llama) at record speed on its own systems.
DevSecOps · Multi-Cloud · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP
Secure-by-default container images + supply-chain security; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Consumer AI · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Character models (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object, vector
Compliance: GDPR
Trains + serves its own conversational models on Google Cloud (team since rejoined Google).
FinTech · Hybrid · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Global payments processor on its own infrastructure; large in-house fraud/risk ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
EdTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Study platform blending its own content ML with OpenAI for its learning assistant.
FinTech · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Claude (family: Claude 2/3, exact variant not specified) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: Snowflake, MySQL, DynamoDB
Compliance:
Chime runs a proprietary fintech platform on AWS, using S3, Airflow and Spark-based data pipelines that write to Snowflake and then propagate to MySQL and DynamoDB for operational and analytics use.[1][5] AI capabilities, including call summarization, are integrated via Amazon Bedrock into this core architecture rather than being a standalone LLM-native product.[5]
Database · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: ClickHouse
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Open-source columnar OLAP DB; AI features plug partner LLMs over its analytics engine.
Legaltech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Legal practice-management cloud; Clio Duo AI on OpenAI over matter/document data.
Infrastructure · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama / Mistral (open) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: D1 (SQLite), Workers KV, R2, ClickHouse, Postgres
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, FedRAMP, PCI DSS
Operates its own global edge network of data centers (not a hyperscaler tenant). Developer platform: Workers (V8 isolates), D1/KV/R2 storage, and Workers AI serving open models at the edge.
AI-coding · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Autonomous SWE agent (Devin) orchestrating Claude + GPT over its own long-horizon planning and code-execution sandboxes.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Command (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object storage, vector store
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Enterprise-focused LLM lab training its own Command/Embed/Rerank models, served across clouds (Google Cloud, Oracle, AWS) and deployable in-VPC for data-sensitive customers. North platform targets RAG.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MongoDB, PostgreSQL, DynamoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, SOC 1
AWS-native crypto exchange on MongoDB/PostgreSQL with DynamoDB for high-throughput paths; strong HSM/key-management and on-chain infra. Uses in-house risk ML and LLMs for support.
Telecom/Media · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Cable/media; own voice-remote + network ML plus partner LLMs for assistants.
Proptech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Real-estate brokerage platform; agent AI tools on OpenAI over listing/CRM data.
Data Platform · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLMs — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: Apache Kafka, ksqlDB
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, PCI DSS, ISO 27001
Managed Apache Kafka (Confluent Cloud) deployed across AWS/Azure/GCP with the Kora cloud-native engine; adds stream processing via Flink. Built around open Kafka with proprietary cloud tooling.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Contextual RAG models (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: vector
Compliance: SOC 2
RAG-native enterprise platform training its own grounded language models.
AI-infra · On-Prem · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
GPU hyperscaler renting NVIDIA capacity to AI labs; infrastructure layer, runs customers models not its own.
EdTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Online learning; Coursera Coach + course generation on OpenAI over its catalog.
Robotics · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: RFM-1 (own robotics foundation) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Warehouse robotics on RFM-1, its own robotics foundation model (team since joined Amazon).
CX AI · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Cresta (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: vector, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Contact-center AI with its own real-time coaching models plus partner LLMs over call data.
Cybersecurity · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: partner LLM (Charlotte AI) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: Cassandra, ScyllaDB, custom Threat Graph
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
AWS-native endpoint security whose Threat Graph ingests trillions of events/week into Cassandra/ScyllaDB-class stores. Detection is in-house ML; Charlotte AI adds an LLM analyst over the graph.
Autonomous · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Cruise driving ML (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
GM self-driving running its own perception/planning ML; restructured toward personal-vehicle autonomy.
DevTools · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
AI code editor (Anysphere) leaning heavily on Anthropic Claude via Direct API over its own retrieval index.
Cybersecurity · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Self-Learning AI (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Self-Learning AI built in-house; models the network rather than calling an LLM.
Data Platform · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: DBRX (own open model) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Llama (open) — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: Delta Lake (Parquet on object storage), Apache Spark
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Lakehouse deployed into the customer's own cloud (AWS/Azure/GCP), built on open Spark + Delta Lake. Ships its own open model DBRX and the Mosaic AI training/serving stack.
Observability · Multi-Cloud · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, Cassandra, Kafka, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Runs primarily on AWS with significant GCP presence; ingests trillions of points/day through Kafka into Cassandra and custom time-series stores. Bits AI / Watchdog use in-house anomaly ML plus LLMs.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Neobank; in-house underwriting ML plus OpenAI for support/assistant.
Data · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Analytics-engineering standard (dbt); Copilot AI is model-agnostic over the semantic layer.
CX AI · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: vector, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
AI customer-support agents orchestrating Claude + GPT over a company knowledge base.
HR · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT-4-class (unspecified variant) — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, SQL (unspecified relational), NoSQL (unspecified)
Compliance: SOC 2 (inferred, typical for payroll/HR SaaS), ISO 27001 (inferred), GDPR, Global payroll & tax compliance (multi-country)
Deel runs a proprietary, multi-tenant SaaS platform (app.deel.com / api.letsdeel.com) on AWS with separate sandbox and production environments, using relational and NoSQL databases behind REST APIs consumed by customers and integrations.[3][10][4] AI is incorporated primarily at the application and workflow layer to automate compliance, payroll, and HR processes, rather than as a foundational LLM-native architecture.[6][4]
AI/Translation · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: DeepL models (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: GDPR, SOC 2, ISO 27001
European MT leader training its own translation + writing models on its own EU infrastructure.
FoodTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Food delivery; own dispatch/ETA ML plus OpenAI for support.
Hardware/Enterprise · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Cohere — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Dell AI Factory packages on-prem open models (Llama) + partners (Cohere) for enterprise/sovereign deployment.
Communications · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: ScyllaDB (ex-Cassandra), MongoDB, Elixir/Rust services
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Runs on Google Cloud; publicly migrated trillions of messages from Cassandra to ScyllaDB and uses Elixir + Rust for real-time gateway/voice. AI features (Clyde and successors) built on OpenAI.
Media · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Media/parks; large in-house recommendation/VFX ML plus partner LLMs for assistants; cautious GenAI posture.
Healthcare (EU) · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: Mistral — Direct API (primary)
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: GDPR, HDS
European health-booking platform; AI assistants built on Mistral for EU data-sovereignty.
Marketplace · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: Aurora, CockroachDB
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
In-house logistics ML plus OpenAI for support + merchant tooling.
Storage · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Edgestore), custom blob store
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Famously repatriated bulk file storage off AWS onto its own 'Magic Pocket' exabyte infrastructure while keeping some cloud for edge/compute. Metadata in sharded MySQL (Edgestore). Dropbox Dash AI uses OpenAI.
EdTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, Redis
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Birdbrain in-house ML sets lesson difficulty; GPT-4 (Direct API) powers Roleplay + Explain-my-Answer.
Search/Data · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: ELSER (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper
Stack: Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Ships ELSER, its own retrieval model, and plugs partner LLMs for RAG.
Gaming · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Game publisher; large in-house animation/matchmaking ML plus partner LLMs for tooling.
AI/Voice · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Eleven v3 speech synthesis — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Multilingual v2 speech synthesis — Native (own / self-hosted weights); Flash v2.5 speech synthesis — Native (own / self-hosted weights); Turbo v2.5 speech synthesis — Native (own / self-hosted weights); Eleven Music — Native (own / self-hosted weights); Scribe v2 Realtime (speech processing / transcription) — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: PostgreSQL, object storage
Compliance: SOC 2 (inferred), ISO 27001 (inferred)
ElevenLabs exposes proprietary speech, audio, and agent models via HTTPS REST, SSE streaming, and WebSocket APIs behind api.elevenlabs.io, backed by credit-based authentication and multi-tenant SaaS infrastructure designed for high concurrency and enterprise scalability.[1][7][9] Core value is provided by in-house deep learning voice and audio models rather than a foundational LLM as the primary engine.[2][5]
Gaming · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML (MetaHuman/animation) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, COPPA
Unreal Engine + Fortnite; in-house generative/animation ML (MetaHuman) on its own infra.
Healthcare · Hybrid · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: InterSystems Cache, own
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Dominant EHR on its own InterSystems stack; generative features run on Azure OpenAI via the Microsoft partnership.
Biotech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: ESM3 (own protein LLM) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains ESM3, its own frontier protein language model, for biological design.
Travel · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Travel platform; early OpenAI customer (Romie / trip planning) over its own travel-graph ML.
Wholesale · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Wholesale marketplace; own recommendation ML plus OpenAI for merchandising assistants.
Design · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, DynamoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Browser-based design tool whose moat is a custom C++ rendering/document engine shipped to the browser via WebAssembly. Metadata in sharded PostgreSQL on AWS; multiplayer via bespoke real-time sync servers.
Robotics · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Helix (own VLA) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Humanoid robotics running Helix, its own vision-language-action model (built in-house after the OpenAI split).
AI Infra · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Mistral — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Fast inference for open models on its own serving stack.
Data · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA
Managed data movement; AI features via partner LLMs over pipeline metadata.
Logistics · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2
Freight forwarding; in-house logistics ML plus OpenAI for ops assistants.
E-Commerce (India) · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Indian commerce giant (Walmart-owned); own recommendation ML plus Gemini-based shopping assistants.
FinTech (Africa) · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Pan-African payments; in-house fraud ML plus OpenAI for support.
SaaS (India) · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Freddy (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
CX/ITSM suite; Freddy AI blends its own models with OpenAI over customer data.
IT (Japan) · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Takane (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Cohere — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Builds Takane, its own enterprise Japanese LLM (with Cohere), for regulated/government use.
Biotech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own bio foundation models — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Cell-programming foundry training its own biological/sequence models over massive lab data.
DevTools · Azure · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT-4-class (Copilot) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Vitess), Redis, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Owned by Microsoft and migrating into Azure; the monolith is Ruby on Rails over horizontally sharded MySQL (Vitess) with a custom Git backend (Spokes/DGit). Copilot is built on OpenAI.
DevTools · GCP · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, Redis
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, FedRAMP (IL2 in progress)
Single open-core Rails application on PostgreSQL, with GitLab.com running on GCP/GKE. GitLab Duo AI routes primarily to Anthropic and Google Vertex models.
Enterprise Search · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API; Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: vector, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Enterprise assistant that lets customers pick across OpenAI, Anthropic and Google over a permissions-aware index.
Super-app · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
SEA super-app; large in-house logistics/fraud ML plus OpenAI for assistants.
Observability · Multi-Cloud · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4 class models (Grafana Assistant backend) — Direct API (primary)
Stack: Grafana Mimir, Grafana Loki, Grafana Tempo, Prometheus, Object storage (AWS S3, GCS, Azure Blob)
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR, HIPAA (partial/BAA for specific offerings)
Grafana Cloud runs a SaaS observability platform built on its open source engines (Mimir, Loki, Tempo, Prometheus) deployed across major public clouds with object storage backends like S3/GCS/Azure Blob for long‑term data. The core Grafana server is a Go backend with a React/TypeScript frontend that acts as a visualization and control plane over these distributed storage and query services.
Productivity · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own NLP (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Long-standing in-house NLP models plus GPT for generative rewriting.
Productivity AI · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
AI meeting-notes app built primarily on Anthropic Claude over transcribed audio.
AI Hardware · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Designs its own LPU inference chips; serves Llama + open models at extreme speed.
HR/Payroll · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
SMB payroll/HR; AI assistant features on OpenAI over payroll/benefits data.
Legal AI · Azure · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Legal-domain assistant built on OpenAI via Azure with bespoke legal retrieval.
DevTools · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, FedRAMP
Now part of IBM; HashiCorp Cloud Platform (HCP) for Terraform/Vault/Consul runs on AWS. Core tools are widely-adopted open-source (BSL-licensed) infra-as-code and secrets management.
Defense · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Helsing models (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: GDPR
European defense-AI training its own perception/decision models on sovereign infrastructure.
Analytics · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Collaborative data notebook; Magic AI routes to OpenAI + Anthropic over warehouse queries.
Insurtech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Home insurer on in-house underwriting/imagery ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Healthcare · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Polaris (own healthcare LLM) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: vector
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Trains Polaris, its own safety-focused healthcare LLM constellation for patient-facing agents.
Observability · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: own columnar
Compliance: SOC 2
Observability platform; its Query Assistant is built on Anthropic Claude over telemetry.
CRM · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: HBase, MySQL, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
AWS-native marketing/CRM suite built on a large HBase + MySQL backbone with Kafka event streaming. AI ('Breeze'/ChatSpot) wraps OpenAI plus in-house models over first-party CRM data.
AI/LLM · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama / Mistral / open models — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: S3 object storage, Git LFS, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
The model/dataset hub on AWS, storing weights as Git LFS repos over S3 and running Inference Endpoints/Spaces. Stewards open libraries (Transformers, Diffusers) — the open-source center of gravity for ML.
AI/LLM · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Inflection (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains its own Inflection models (now enterprise-focused) on Azure supercompute.
Biotech · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Chemistry42 / own models — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Generative-chemistry drug discovery on its own target-discovery + molecule-generation models.
Marketplace · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, BigQuery
Compliance: SOC 2
Own catalog/logistics ML; an early, prominent OpenAI customer for search + Ask Instacart.
Support · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Fin support agent runs on Anthropic + OpenAI over a customer help-content index.
FinTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: GenOS (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: PostgreSQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Intuit Assist runs on its own GenOS platform with partner LLMs underneath.
Legaltech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Contract-lifecycle platform; AI contract review/drafting on OpenAI + Anthropic.
Biotech · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: AlphaFold-derived models (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
Alphabet drug-discovery lab building on its own AlphaFold-lineage structure/biology models.
Marketing AI · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Marketing copy platform orchestrating OpenAI + Anthropic over brand context.
AgTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML (See & Spray/autonomy) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Precision-ag + autonomy on large in-house computer-vision/ML models running on equipment edge.
EdTech · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, COPPA
Khanmigo tutor built on OpenAI GPT-4 over its learning content, with heavy safety scaffolding.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
AWS-native BNPL that built its customer-service assistant directly on OpenAI, reportedly handling two-thirds of chats.
Marketing · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, Cassandra
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Marketing automation; own predictive ML plus OpenAI for content over its customer-data platform.
AI Framework · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLMs — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Orchestration framework + LangSmith observability; sits between apps and any model.
Insurtech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
AI-first insurer running large in-house underwriting/claims ML (AI Maya/Jim); off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Electronics (Korea) · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: EXAONE (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Trains EXAONE, its own foundation models, for products/enterprise on its own infrastructure.
AI Infra · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Builds PyTorch Lightning + a studio to train/serve open models (Llama, etc.) on cloud GPUs.
DevTools · GCP · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL, Redis, MongoDB
Compliance:
Linear’s CTO has described the production stack as running on Google Cloud with Kubernetes, using React and Node/TypeScript, with Postgres for primary storage, Redis for queuing, and MongoDB for caching scenarios. The only clearly documented AI-related capability in the provided sources is product-level “AI workflows”; no source here establishes a specific foundational LLM provider in the core production architecture, so model_links is empty.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Liquid LFM (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
MIT-spinout training its own non-transformer Liquid Foundation Models for efficient/edge inference.
AI-coding · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
AI app builder leaning on Anthropic Claude to generate full-stack apps from prompts.
Retail · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Home-improvement retailer on Google Cloud; Gemini-based associate/customer assistants + own ML.
Mobility · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: MySQL, DynamoDB
Compliance: SOC 2
In-house pricing/ETA ML; off the LLM map at the core.
AI-coding · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Magic LTM (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance:
Builds its own ultra-long-context (LTM) code models for autonomous software engineering.
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Card-issuing platform; in-house risk ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
E-Commerce · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
LatAm commerce/fintech giant; large in-house recommendation/fraud ML plus OpenAI for assistants.
Automotive · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001, GDPR
In-car MBUX assistant on Google Cloud Gemini; large in-house ADAS/vehicle ML.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Startup banking; AI assist on OpenAI over transaction data.
Platform · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Phi (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: SQL Server, Cosmos DB
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, HIPAA
Owns the Phi small-model family and, via its OpenAI stake + Azure, sits as close to GPT as anyone.
Image AI · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Midjourney (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
Trains + serves its own diffusion image models; famously lean infra.
Collaboration · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Visual canvas; AI features on OpenAI.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Mistral / Mixtral (own open weights) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object storage
Compliance: GDPR, SOC 2 (in progress)
European lab releasing strong open-weight models (Mistral/Mixtral) alongside commercial ones; serves via its own La Plateforme and partner clouds (Azure, GCP). Le Chat is the consumer surface. Data-sovereignty positioning.
Productivity · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, Vitess
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Work OS; AI blocks on OpenAI over board data.
Database · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner embeddings/LLMs — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: MongoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, PCI DSS, ISO 27001
Atlas runs the MongoDB document database as a managed service across AWS, Azure and GCP. Atlas Vector Search makes it a RAG datastore; AI features integrate partner LLMs rather than a captive model.
FinTech (EU) · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, GDPR
European neobank on in-house fraud/risk ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Internet · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: HyperCLOVA X (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: GDPR
Korean platform training HyperCLOVA X, its own sovereign Korean-first foundation models.
Database · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL (pgvector)
Compliance: SOC 2
Serverless Postgres (now Databricks); AI via pgvector + partner embeddings.
Streaming Media · Hybrid · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: Cassandra, EVCache, CockroachDB, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS, ISO 27001
Control plane runs almost entirely on AWS over Cassandra/EVCache; video delivery uses its own Open Connect CDN appliances embedded in ISPs worldwide. Famous OSS culture and ML-driven recommendations.
Productivity · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL (sharded)
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, GDPR
Block-based docs stored in a heavily sharded PostgreSQL fleet on AWS (publicly documented re-sharding to hundreds of shards). Notion AI routes to OpenAI and Anthropic models.
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: Cassandra, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Heavy in-house ML (acquired Hyperplane); off the LLM map at the core.
Cybersecurity · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: MySQL, DynamoDB, Redis
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP (High), ISO 27001
AWS-native identity cloud (workforce + Auth0 customer identity) on MySQL/DynamoDB with a multi-tenant cell architecture. AI is in-house threat-detection ML plus assistant LLMs.
AI/LLM · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: GPT (own frontier) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: Azure Cosmos DB, PostgreSQL, blob storage
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR, CCPA
Trains and serves its own GPT frontier models on Microsoft Azure supercomputers (custom GPU clusters). Product data on Azure stores; the API/Responses platform fronts the models for developers.
Healthcare AI · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: OpenEvidence medical (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: vector
Compliance: HIPAA
Medical-evidence answer engine on its own models trained over peer-reviewed literature.
Enterprise · On-Prem · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Cohere Command — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); Llama — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: Oracle
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, HIPAA
Runs its own OCI; OCI Generative AI hosts Cohere + Llama for enterprise.
Telecom (EU) · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Mistral — Direct API (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: GDPR
European telecom partnering with Mistral for sovereign LLMs over its own network ML.
Govtech/Data · Hybrid · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: FedRAMP, SOC 2, IL5
AIP orchestrates partner LLMs (OpenAI, Anthropic) inside customer security boundaries over its ontology.
Cybersecurity · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Precision AI (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: BigQuery, own
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP
Runs Precision AI, its own security ML, over a huge telemetry lake.
Creator · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Creator-membership platform; AI features on OpenAI.
FinTech · Hybrid · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: Oracle, own
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Massive in-house fraud/risk ML on its own infrastructure; off the LLM map at the core.
AI/Search · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Sonar (own, fine-tuned) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT-4-class — Direct API; NVIDIA Nemotron — Direct API
Stack: vector store, Elasticsearch, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Answer engine on AWS combining a real-time search/index layer with RAG over multiple LLMs; serves its own fine-tuned Sonar models plus frontier and open models. Exposes a metered Sonar API + Agent API.
Robotics · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: π0 (own robot foundation) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains π0, its own general robot-control foundation model across embodiments.
AI Infrastructure · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner embedding models — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: proprietary vector database
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, ISO 27001
Managed vector database for RAG, deployed across AWS/GCP/Azure with a serverless architecture that separates storage (object store) from query compute. The index, not a model, is the product.
Social · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Navigator-1 (own, open-source-based) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Qwen (open) — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: HBase, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Built Navigator-1, its own multimodal foundation model (fine-tuned from open-source bases incl. Qwen) powering the Pinterest Assistant at ~10% the cost of frontier models; big in-house recommendation ML.
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: MongoDB, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR
AWS-hosted financial-data network connecting apps to banks; MongoDB + PostgreSQL behind a heavy data-normalization and anti-fraud ML layer. AI is in-house risk/identity models, not a public LLM brand.
AI Aggregator · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLMs (aggregator) — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: GDPR
Consumer multi-model aggregator fronting OpenAI, Anthropic, Google and open models behind one app.
AI-coding · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: poolside (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains its own code-generation foundation models from scratch for enterprise/regulated deployment.
DevTools · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
API platform; Postbot AI on OpenAI over API specs/collections.
Construction SaaS · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Construction-management cloud; AI agents on OpenAI over project/document data.
AI Infra · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner embeddings — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Open-source vector database for RAG; model-agnostic.
Consumer AI · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLMs (multi) — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
AI hardware (r1); routes to multiple partner LLMs behind a large-action-model orchestration layer.
E-Commerce (Japan) · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Rakuten AI (own LLM) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Japanese commerce/fintech ecosystem training its own Japanese-first Rakuten AI models.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
AWS-native finance-automation/corporate-card platform on PostgreSQL, AI-first in positioning: LLM agents (OpenAI/Anthropic) automate expense categorization, approvals and procurement over transaction data.
FinTech (India) · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Indian payments; in-house fraud/risk ML plus OpenAI for support assistants.
Banking · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Cohere Command — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, OSFI
Canadian bank running large in-house risk ML; Cohere models deployed in-VPC for sovereign generative AI (Borealis AI).
Biotech · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Recursion Phenom (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: BigQuery, own
Compliance: SOC 2
Drug discovery on its own phenomics foundation models trained over petabytes of cellular imaging.
Social Media · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, Cassandra, Memcached
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR, CCPA
AWS-hosted; a Python/Pylons heritage over PostgreSQL with Cassandra and heavy Memcached caching, moving to Go/GraphQL services. Monetizes data licensing for AI training; Reddit Answers uses LLMs.
AI/LLM · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Reka Core / Flash (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Multimodal frontier lab (ex-DeepMind/Meta) training its own Reka model family.
Telecom (India) · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: BharatGPT / Jio Brain (own+partner) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Telecom/digital giant building sovereign Indian-language models (Jio Brain / BharatGPT) on its own infrastructure.
AI Infra · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Runs open models as one-click APIs on its own GPU fleet.
DevTools · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL (Neon), object
Compliance: SOC 2
Cloud IDE whose Agent is built primarily on Anthropic Claude.
DevTools · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Internal-tools builder with multi-model AI app components.
FinTech · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
In-house risk ML plus OpenAI for support/assistant features.
Gaming · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
League/Valorant maker; in-house anti-cheat + matchmaking ML on its own infra; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
HR/IT · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Workforce platform; AI agents on OpenAI + Anthropic over the employee graph.
Automotive · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML (autonomy/vision) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
EV maker training its own driver-assist/vehicle ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core of the product.
Legaltech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Contract-AI platform built primarily on Anthropic Claude over legal documents.
FinTech · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Amazon Nova — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: MySQL, Cassandra
Compliance: SOC 2
Cortex investing assistant (Digests) runs on Amazon Nova via Bedrock, chosen for ~80% lower per-token cost; core trading/risk stays in-house ML. Now also exposes agent-trading APIs.
Gaming · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Roblox Assistant (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: MongoDB, own
Compliance: SOC 2, COPPA
UGC gaming platform on its own data centers; trains its own generative models for 3D/code creation assistants.
Insurtech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Telematics auto-insurer on in-house pricing/driving ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Video AI · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gen (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains its own Gen video-generation foundation models.
CRM · Hybrid · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: Oracle, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, PCI DSS
Long-running first-party data centers now extended onto public cloud via Hyperforce (AWS-backed). Multi-tenant metadata engine historically on Oracle, migrating workloads toward PostgreSQL; Einstein layers third-party LLMs behind a trust boundary.
AI-hardware · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Samba-1 (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Own RDU AI chips plus its Samba-1 model and hosted open models for enterprise/government.
IoT · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: own time-series, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Connected-operations (fleet/IoT); large own ML on sensor/video telemetry; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Enterprise · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: SAP ABAP LLM (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure); GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure); Mistral / Cohere (sovereign) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: HANA
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Joule is multi-model: SAP’s own ABAP LLM plus a Generative AI Hub fronting OpenAI, Gemini, Anthropic (Claude powers Joule agents), Llama, and sovereign Mistral/Cohere on SAP cloud.
AI/Data · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Defense Llama (own, Llama-3 fine-tuned) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); frontier models (eval/RLHF) — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: PostgreSQL, MongoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Beyond data-labeling, Scale trains its own Defense Llama (fine-tuned Llama 3) for U.S. national security on its Donovan federal platform; evaluates frontier models for the DoD CDAO.
Cybersecurity · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Ultraviolet (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Direct API; GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, Snowflake
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP
Purple AI combines SentinelOne’s own Ultraviolet models with Anthropic Claude + OpenAI GPT over its Singularity data lake; exposes a Purple MCP server for agentic SOC investigation.
DevTools · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL, ClickHouse
Compliance: SOC 2
Error-monitoring; Autofix/Seer uses OpenAI + Anthropic over stack traces.
Enterprise · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Now LLM (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: MariaDB, own
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP, ISO 27001
Trains its own Now Assist LLMs (with NVIDIA) on its workflow data.
Vertical SaaS · Azure · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: SQL Server
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Trades/field-services SaaS on Azure; AI assistants via Azure OpenAI over job/CRM data.
Defense · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Hivemind (own autonomy) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: FedRAMP
Builds Hivemind, its own autonomy foundation for GPS/comms-denied flight.
E-Commerce · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class (Magic/Sidekick) — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Vitess), Redis, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS Level 1, ISO 27001
Migrated to Google Cloud; a Rails 'majestic monolith' sharded into pods over MySQL (Vitess) with Kafka. Shopify Magic/Sidekick AI uses OpenAI; storefront stack (Hydrogen/Remix) is open-source.
Industrial · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own, SQL Server
Compliance: ISO 27001
Industrial Copilot built with Microsoft on Azure OpenAI over its own engineering/automation ML.
CX AI · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Conversational-AI agents (Bret Taylor) built multi-model but Anthropic-forward.
Collaboration · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Vitess), Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, FINRA
AWS-native messaging backbone on horizontally sharded MySQL via Vitess, with a job queue and Kafka. Slack AI search/summarization is built on Anthropic models under a Salesforce trust boundary.
SaaS · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: SQL Server
Compliance: SOC 2
Work-management platform; AI formulas/summaries on OpenAI over sheet data.
Social · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary); Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: Spanner, BigQuery
Compliance: SOC 2
My AI assistant runs on OpenAI + Google; heavy in-house vision ML elsewhere.
Data Platform · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama / Mistral (open) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: proprietary columnar engine on object storage (S3/Blob/GCS), FoundationDB (metadata)
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP (High), PCI DSS
Cloud data warehouse that runs as a tenant across AWS, Azure and GCP, separating compute from storage on object stores; metadata in FoundationDB. Cortex serves hosted LLMs next to the data.
Cybersecurity · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: DeepCode AI (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, MongoDB
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR
Developer-security platform on GCP/AWS scanning code and dependencies; DeepCode AI combines symbolic analysis with ML for fix suggestions. Backed by a curated open-source vulnerability database.
FinTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Digital finance; in-house risk ML plus OpenAI for member support/assistant.
Conglomerate (Japan) · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001
Telecom/investment group building its own Japanese LLMs (Sarashina) plus partner models; major AI-infra investor.
Aerospace · Hybrid · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: own
Compliance: ITAR
Rockets + Starlink; massive in-house autonomy/vision/control ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Legaltech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2
AI contract drafting in Word, built on OpenAI with legal-tuned retrieval.
Streaming Media · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class (AI DJ) — Direct API (primary)
Stack: Cassandra, BigQuery, PostgreSQL, Bigtable
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR, ISO 27001
Migrated off its own data centers to Google Cloud (BigQuery/Bigtable/Pub-Sub) with Cassandra for serving. Recommendations are in-house ML; AI DJ uses OpenAI + its own voice. Created the open Backstage platform.
Website Builder · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, MongoDB, Cassandra
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS, GDPR
Website/commerce builder historically on its own data centers, increasingly cloud-hybrid; polyglot persistence (MySQL/MongoDB/Cassandra). AI site-generation and copy use OpenAI.
Automotive (EU) · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Mistral — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001, GDPR
Automaker (Jeep/Peugeot/Fiat) embedding Mistral in-vehicle plus its own ADAS ML.
FinTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Stripe payments foundation model (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: MongoDB, custom sharded DB (DocDB)
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS Level 1, HIPAA
AWS-based payments platform built on a large MongoDB deployment fronted by an in-house sharding/transaction layer (DocDB). Radar fraud detection is in-house ML; a payments foundation model was trained on transaction data.
Media · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Publishing platform; AI writing/discovery features on OpenAI.
Healthcare AI · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Suki clinical (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: vector
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Ambient clinical assistant blending its own medical models with partner LLMs.
Audio AI · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Suno (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
Trains + serves its own music-generation models.
DevTools · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL (pgvector)
Compliance: SOC 2
Postgres backend-as-a-service; AI via pgvector + partner embeddings.
AI-coding · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Tabnine (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Privacy-first code assistant with its own models plus optional partner LLMs, deployable air-gapped.
Retail · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Retailer on Google Cloud; store-companion + guest AI on Gemini over its own merchandising ML.
Dev-infra · Multi-Cloud · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: Cassandra, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Durable-execution platform; model-agnostic orchestration, off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
Healthcare · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Tempus genomic/clinical ML (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: BigQuery, own
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2
Precision-medicine platform with its own multimodal genomic/clinical models plus LLMs for clinician copilots.
Internet · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Hunyuan (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: GDPR
Chinese internet giant training its own Hunyuan foundation models on its own data centers.
Automotive · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Tesla FSD / world model (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Trains its own end-to-end driving + world models on the Dojo/GPU stack; vision-only FSD.
AdTech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Kokai ML (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own columnar, Aerospike
Compliance: SOC 2
Programmatic ad DSP; Kokai is its own large-scale bidding/forecasting ML over trillions of ad-auction events.
Analytics · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Spotter (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, Falcon
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Search/AI analytics; Spotter agent blends its own engine with OpenAI over the in-memory data store.
Restaurant SaaS · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Restaurant POS/platform; AI menu/ops assistants on OpenAI over transaction data.
AI Infra · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Llama — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Mistral — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: object
Compliance: SOC 2
Serves open models (Llama, Mistral, etc.) on its own GPU cloud — the infrastructure to run Native.
Mapping · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: ISO 27001, GDPR
Mapping/location; own routing/map ML plus a Microsoft-partnered conversational in-car assistant on Azure OpenAI.
Cybersecurity · AWS · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Security hyperautomation; routes partner LLMs through its SOC workflow engine.
Communications · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, DynamoDB, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, PCI DSS, GDPR
AWS-native communications APIs (voice/SMS/email via SendGrid) over MySQL + DynamoDB with Kafka eventing. Owns the Segment CDP; CustomerAI layers LLMs over unified customer profiles.
Mobility · Hybrid · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: MySQL (Schemaless), Cassandra, Apache Pinot
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS, ISO 27001
Hybrid: long-running own data centers now paired with Oracle Cloud and Google Cloud. Storage on Schemaless (MySQL), Cassandra and Pinot for real-time analytics. Michelangelo is its in-house ML platform.
EdTech · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Learning marketplace; AI assistant + course tools on OpenAI.
Gaming/3D · Multi-Cloud · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Real-time 3D engine; Muse AI blends partner LLMs with its own generative tooling for creators.
Compliance · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Security-compliance automation; AI questionnaire/evidence features on OpenAI.
Healthcare · AWS · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: partner LLM — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: Oracle, own
Compliance: HIPAA, SOC 2, GxP
Life-sciences cloud; Veeva AI exposes partner LLMs over regulated CRM/clinical data with a governance layer.
DevTools · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: PostgreSQL (Neon), Redis, object storage
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR
Frontend cloud built atop AWS, exposing a global edge + serverless/Functions layer; stewards the open-source Next.js framework. v0 AI is built on OpenAI/Anthropic models.
Telecom · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2
Telecom running its own network ML; customer/agent assistants on Google Cloud Gemini.
Retail · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Wallaby (own retail LLMs) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, Azure
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Trains Wallaby, its own retail-tuned LLMs, alongside partner LLMs for its shopping super-assistant; huge in-house ML.
Climate · GCP · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Carbon-accounting platform; AI features on OpenAI over emissions data.
E-Commerce · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary); own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Stack: own, MySQL
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
Home-goods retailer on Google Cloud; in-house recommendation/visual ML plus Gemini (Vertex) for shopping assistants.
Autonomous · GCP · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Waymo Foundation Model (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: Bigtable, Spanner, own
Compliance: SOC 2
Self-driving (Alphabet) running its own multimodal driving foundation models on Google Cloud TPUs.
Autonomous · Azure · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: GAIA / LINGO (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
Embodied-AI driving with its own generative world models (GAIA) and vision-language driving models (LINGO).
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
Automated investing on in-house quantitative ML; off the foundational-LLM map at the core.
AI Infra · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner embeddings — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: vector
Compliance: SOC 2
Open-source vector database; the index, not a model, is the product.
Website Builder · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT-4-class — Direct API (primary); Claude — Direct API
Stack: MongoDB, MySQL, Redis
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Visual web-development platform on AWS; MongoDB for the flexible CMS/site model with MySQL/Redis support. AI assists site generation and content via OpenAI/Anthropic.
MLOps · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: object, ClickHouse
Compliance: SOC 2
ML experiment-tracking + LLMOps (Weave); model-agnostic, runs over customers chosen models.
QSR · GCP · Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure)
Foundational models: Gemini — Cloud-hosted (Bedrock/Vertex/Azure) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, PCI DSS
FreshAI drive-thru ordering built on Google Cloud Gemini over menu/voice data.
AI-coding · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: Claude — Direct API (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: vector, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
AI IDE (formerly Codeium) routing to Claude + GPT over its own retrieval/indexing engine.
FinTech · AWS · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2
In-house ML for FX/fraud; no core foundational-LLM dependency.
Website Builder · Hybrid · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2, GDPR
Site builder; AI site/content generation on OpenAI.
Cybersecurity · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLM — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: graph database, PostgreSQL
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001, GDPR
Agentless cloud security that scans customers' AWS/Azure/GCP via APIs and builds a Security Graph of risks. Now part of Google Cloud; AI adds LLM-driven risk explanation over the graph.
HR · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Workday Illuminate LLM (own ~800B) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: MySQL, own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Runs Illuminate, its own ~800B-parameter LLM trained on HR/finance data from 10,500+ customers (800B transactions/yr) for privacy + enterprise fit; acquired Sana (2025) for custom AI agents.
Enterprise AI · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Palmyra (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: PostgreSQL, vector
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA
Trains + self-hosts its own Palmyra LLMs — a full-stack own-model enterprise play.
AI/LLM · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Grok (own frontier) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: object
Compliance: GDPR
Trains the Grok frontier family on its own Colossus supercluster; real-time data via X.
Local/Internet · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, Cassandra
Compliance: SOC 2
Local-discovery platform; own ranking/review ML plus OpenAI for its AI assistant.
AI Search · Multi-Cloud · Middleware / wrapper
Foundational models: partner LLMs (multi-model) — Middleware / wrapper (primary)
Stack: vector, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2
AI search/agent routing across multiple frontier + open models over its own web index.
Support · AWS · Direct API
Foundational models: GPT — Direct API (primary)
Stack: MySQL, Elasticsearch
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA
AWS-native support suite; AI agents + summarization on OpenAI.
Proptech · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML (Zestimate) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, SQL Server
Compliance: SOC 2
Real-estate marketplace; the Zestimate is large in-house valuation ML; natural-language search on OpenAI.
SaaS (India) · On-Prem · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Zia / ZIA LLM (own) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary)
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, ISO 27001
Bootstrapped SaaS suite on its own Indian data centers; builds its own Zia AI models for privacy + cost control.
FoodTech (India) · AWS · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: own ML — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); GPT — Direct API
Stack: own, PostgreSQL
Compliance: PCI DSS, SOC 2
Indian food-delivery; own logistics/recommendation ML plus OpenAI assistants.
Communications · Hybrid · Native (own / self-hosted weights)
Foundational models: Zoom SLM (own, federated) — Native (own / self-hosted weights) (primary); Claude — Direct API; GPT-4-class — Direct API
Stack: MySQL, MongoDB, Kafka
Compliance: SOC 2, HIPAA, FedRAMP, PCI DSS
Runs its own global data centers for real-time media, bursting to AWS/Oracle Cloud at peak. AI Companion uses a 'federated' approach blending its own models with Anthropic and OpenAI.
Cybersecurity · On-Prem · Off the LLM map (in-house non-LLM ML)
Foundational models: in-house non-LLM ML only
Stack: own
Compliance: SOC 2, FedRAMP
Own global proxy cloud + in-house ML; off the LLM map at the core.